Thursday, 28 April 2016

Evaluation of Ensemble Improvisations



Here is an improvised album by me on guitar, Harry Schlanker on bass, Maddie Abbotts Cosier and Theone Dawes on vocals and Ollie Patton on drums, keys and samples. I appear on every track except "Moon Doors." The album was created on the spot from scratch with the exception of some vocal melodies and lyrics, such as "Say To Me." I had never played with any of these musicians before so it was interesting to see the style of music that came out of it, combining a variety of tastes and influences. 

This album gave us all a chance to experiment with atmospheric and more upbeat styles. In terms of my own playing on the album, it allowed me to develop melodic lines and phrasing. 

"Insert Sample Here" -  This song was a challenge to keep up with. It's quite a high tempo which means a lot of my guitar licks were out of time. Slower melodies with more sustained notes might've been more appropriate for much of this song although I think fast lines were necessary for the style.

"Cookey" - Although there is some good guitar phrasing in this piece, listening back it feels much more like one long attempted guitar solo. I remember focusing mainly on responding to Ollie's drums rather than the bass. This meant that there were few sections where Harry got a chance to push melodic ideas. I notice this a lot of the time when jamming with other musicians; I tend to twiddle a lot rather than enhancing established ideas.


There are some areas in "Cookey" where I have repeated a melodic line but failed to build upon it. The guitar in this song may have been more effective if I'd developed recurring melodies rather than constantly jamming. A better knowledge of chords would've helped with this song; it would've allowed more diversity in the guitar.

"You" - I tried using chords as much as possible in this song. They were predominantly basic chords such as minors, majors, minor 7ths and major 7ths, all with similar voicings. Listening back to it, I think the rhythm of the guitar is a bit too rigid. The style of this song was more atmospheric and flowing but my playing countered this. To most listeners, the vocals are probably the main point of focus. This means that more subtle guitar lines and sustained notes would've been more appropriate.


"Say To Me" - This song was interesting because the singers had already preconceived the song's structure. This meant that they already had melodies and harmonies in mind when they were singing. However, I was unsure what this song was supposed to sound like which made it more enjoyable. I haven't heard the song so I am not sure how it compares but I like what we came up with anyway. 
The interesting vocal melodies and harmonies allowed me to get into the song quite easily. The texture of both vocals at once meant that I could get away with playing much less.

For some reason, the descending bassline in "I'm Housin" by Rage Against The Machine came to mind when the song began so I tried to combine this with chords before we built the song up to a crescendo.

From the 7 minute mark I think atmospheric effects would've worked well. If I were to do this on guitar, maybe a delay pedal combined with my chorus pedal could work. I have a delay pedal ready for next time I try something like this just in case it is needed.

"... ... ..." - This track was played by just me on guitar and Harry on bass. I began the piece trying to come up with melodic lines and it took about 10 minutes for me to succumb to the strange bass sounds. A guitar slide helped here. I felt like I was limited here and more effects would've definitely helped. I need either more pedals or a multi-effects pedal next time I try something like this.

Overall, the main two things holding me back were my lack of chordal knowledge and appropriate tones. My tone rarely changes throughout; it switches between clean reverb and clean reverb with added chorus from my Pearl CH-02. I would've benefited from having more pedals. At the time I was only using a Pearl CH-02 chorus pedal with the amp's reverb on a clean tone. Next time I will use overdrive, distortion and delay so my playing is more varied. My melodic lines fit well in some areas but are sometimes misplaced and would worked better with more consideration in the future.




This is an improvised album created by me and four friends at college in February. The idea behind the album is that each member plays an instrument they are unfamiliar with. I played keys, William Allman played guitar, Harvey Jones played drums, Louie Marlow-Smith played bass and Harry Schlanker was on the trumpet and the mic.

We began by latching onto each others' ideas and developing them from there. It took a while to get into it but there are some coherent sections and a good level of communication in some areas. In my opinion, the track that demonstrates the highest level of cooperation and development is "One Day She'll Love Me." We all reacted to an idea initiated by Will, using a variety of dynamics and rhythms. The tune then goes through a number of transitions with the aim of complementing its progressive structure. I feel this has been effective in some areas, such as between 3.10 and 4.20, where we managed to bridge two more distinct sections with a fairly chaotic transition.

The idea of this album came from Will, who was inspired by comedian Jon Benjamin's jazz album, "Well I Should Have...*"

Jon Benjamin - Well I Should Have...


The idea behind Benjamin's album was to play piano, an instrument that he had no prior experience with, alongside adept jazz musicians. This meant that his performance was entirely improvised, without much in the way of musical influence, causing his lines to sound out of place and only vaguely rhythmic. He tries to respond to lines played by the other musicians to make it sound vaguely musical, like at the beginning of "I Can't Play Piano Pt. 3" where he attempts imitation.

Our album follows this theme. A minimal understanding of the instrument that we were playing allowed us to see the entire improvisation in a different way. There were no restrictions in terms of music theory or fear of sounding out of place because that was inevitable. We also had no expectations which meant that we could treat the project with experimentation and humour in a relaxed environment rather than trying to play everything perfectly.

This album was recorded more recently than "Yellow Flight." Recently, I have tried to listen more to every instrument involved in group improvisation rather than just drums. The use of call and response and developing ideas in this album is evidence of improvement in this aspect. 

Liquid Biscuit - Sense

This improvisation was performed from my friend's graphic notation. This required us all to communicate with each other by listening rather than watching as we were performing in the dark. The only things we could see were the graphic notation and the mixing desk. I spent most of my time using the mic producing vocal sound effects and using objects around me such as congas and handheld percussive instruments.

This improvisation is mostly atmospheric rather than musical so we had to use the instruments we had in more creative ways. It allowed me to play around with the mixing desk. I had no knowledge on how to operate it before this but I tried to find appropriate effects for the mic such as heavy delay and reverb.

Tuesday, 26 April 2016

More Improvisation




With these two improvisations I tried to develop themes as well as using melodic runs between them. My playing is usually predominantly pentatonic based but I have used chromatic passing notes and other scales such as Phrygian dominant in the first video. This allowed me to create more varied melodic lines rather than just pentatonic.

One thing that I think diminishes the diversity in both videos is the use of note rests. I have fallen into a habit of using rests too frequently whilst playing. I could potentially double the quantity of different licks I use if I sustained some notes rather than cutting them off for rhythmic effect. I will still use rests but in the future I will try to use them less frequently and more appropriately. I think this style does suit the first song but the second song could do with some longer notes.

The main thing I need to practise in regards to lead playing is using different modes. I always tend to begin an improvisation on the root note when it could sound interesting developing an idea on another note and using the corresponding mode to create melodic ideas. Using chords or simultaneous intervals would also be of benefit whilst soloing over songs. 

Sunday, 24 April 2016

Thursday, 21 April 2016

Guitar - Strengths and Weaknesses

In about 12 years of playing guitar, there are some skills I have focused on developing more than others. This has led to good technique in some areas and a lack of knowledge and ability elsewhere:

Phrasing - My current main focus whilst practising is embellishments. I try to find new ways of approaching notes that stand out against basic picking. This includes slides, bends, vibrato etc. I have developed a strong vibrato however I have got into a bad habit of overusing it. Every time I play a sustained note, without thinking I automatically apply vibrato to it. It is always the same type of vibrato as well - fast and wide. More subtle vibrato or even none at all would suit some notes and different styles of music better than my current vibrato. In order to improve this I will need to consciously avoid overusing it and set myself limitations whilst improvising. If I am aware of it every time I practise, this habit will hopefully disappear.

Rhythm - One thing I focus on whilst practising is the rhythm of melodies I play. Rather than trying to fit as many notes as possible into a short passage, I experiment with a variety of rhythmic lines with the aim of making my melodies more exciting. I am much better at playing rhythmically than quickly.

Speed - When I play fast sections in my music, it tends to be with legato. I prefer the sound of legato in most cases rather than plucking each individual note. This could be considered a weakness in some areas of music because I can't shred. For example, whilst improvising solos, sections of shredding might be useful for powerful crescendos depending on the style of the music. At the moment I can only really play short bursts of speed. I have develop a fairly high level of precision with my legato technique however

Fretboard knowledge - My fretboard knowledge is very limited for the amount of time I have played guitar. Progression has always been fairly slow with learning and connecting new scales as I tend to develop other areas more. It would be beneficial if I spent time focusing mainly on developing this and filling in the gaps in my knowledge. This would lead to more diversity in my playing and would unlock new melodic and harmonic possibilities. 

Chords - My ability to switch between different chord shapes and my ability to strum rhythmically are both good but my chordal knowledge is poor. I tend to learn chord shapes and names but rarely know how to apply them correctly. In a way this can be beneficial to my compositions because it means I am not restricted by theory. However, I find myself too often stuck for what chords to play whilst improvising. I understand the theory of chords when I have time to study it but when I am under pressure in a musical environment I become lost. As well as melodic fretboard knowledge, chordal knowledge is something I really wish to improve because I think it is currently the thing that is holding me back.  

Tone - A big thing that detracts from the quality of my playing is my tone; this is mostly due to a lack of knowledge of sound. I have always been more interested in how to play guitar rather than what it sounds like. I have recently begun considering it more but it would definitely have been better if I'd spent more time developing it over time since I started. I consider my lack of technical knowledge to be the most detrimental to my tone. I am fairly good at applying dynamics to my playing through picking, but have never really understood what makes up sound. I have started focusing more on the tones used in different settings rather than overlooking them and I think I have improved at choosing the right tone in different circumstances over the past year. This is not only helpful for live settings but also for composition; the inspiration and association from a good guitar tone is far greater than from an unconsidered one.

Improvisation - My old method of improvisation would be to play as many complicated lines as possible, thinking that that was the most fun thing to do. However, recently I tend to focus more on producing interesting melodies that fit within the context of the piece. My main weakness when improvising is communicating with other musicians; especially if I don't know them. It is much easier improvising with someone you are used to playing with than someone you have just met. This includes establishing my own ideas for others to build upon but also noticing when an idea or phrase is being put forward by another musician.

Solutions:
In terms of becoming better at melody, I think improving my ability to hear intervals and applying them on the neck would be the most beneficial. Rather than using theory, I tend to use my ear to improvise and to hear intervals in my head and knowing how to execute them would be ideal for my style of playing. In order to approach this goal I will train my ear to hear intervals up to an octave. I aim to learn where each interval from each string is located on the fretboard, including compound intervals, across strings and on single strings. 

I think the most beneficial way to improve chords for me would be to learn chord shapes and compose chord structures in my spare time. Whilst improvising, being able to hear intervals in my head would be ideal for choosing what chords to play. If I knew a selection of different chords to pick from then hearing intervals would allow me to choose the right chord. Knowing what different types of chords sound like will also help.

Whilst improvising in ensembles I need to focus more on what others are playing around me and try to lock in with melodies and rhythm they play. This tightness tends to sound much better than everybody playing unrelated phrases.

To help with interval knowledge, I have drawn out two fretboard diagrams with colour coordinated intervals using G minor and G major as examples. To help improve my chordal knowledge, I have drawn another fretboard diagram with colour coordinated 7th chords. 

I have only included Ionian, Dorian, Phrygian, Mixolydian and Aeolian because that is how I see the fretboard shapes in my head. I imagine Lydian to be the same shape as Phrygian but starting on the second note and Locrian as the same shape as Ionian but starting a semitone down. The stars above Aeolian and Phrygian are there because those are the two areas of the fretboard I am most familiar with. When I use this sheet to practise improvisation, I will refer to these two positions if I get lost. 


I have also drawn a table showing the corresponding 7th chords for major, minor, harmonic minor and melodic minor. I aim to familiarise myself with the chords in the major and minor scales before practising the other two.



Monday, 18 April 2016

Scales, Modes and Arpeggios

7-note Scales and Modes
The most common scales used in Western music are constructed using 7 notes. Modes are constructed by starting on a different note of the original scale each time. For example, if you took the C major scale, C D E F G A B, but started on the D instead of the C, you would have the second mode of the major scale. This would be D E F G A B C, which makes up the Dorian mode. Phrygian would begin on E; Lydian would begin on F; Mixolydian would being on G; Aeolian (natural minor) would begin on A; Locrian would begin on B. This means that whilst improvising over a C major chord, any of these modes can be used and fitted together to create more unusual melodies.

Major Modes
Ionian (Major) - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Dorian - 1, 2, b3, 4, 5, 6, b7
Phrygian - 1, b2, b3, 4, 5, b6, b7
Lydian - 1, 2, 3, #4, 5, 6, 7
Mixolydian - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, b7
Aeolian (Minor) - 1, 2, b3, 4, 5, b6, b7
Locrian - 1, b2, b3, 4, b5, b6, b7

Much like dominant chords, any scale that includes a major 3rd and a minor 7th can be referred to as some sort of "dominant" scale e.g Phrygian Dominant, Lydian Dominant. Similarly, any scale with a sharp 5th may be referred to as augmented.

Harmonic Minor Modes
Harmonic Minor - 1, 2, b3, 4, 5, b6, 7
Locrian #6 - 1, b2, b3, 4, b5, 6, b7
Ionian Augmented - 1, 2, 3, 4, #5, 6, 7
Dorian #4 - 1, 2, b3, #4, 5, 6, b7
Phrygian Dominant - 1, b2, 3, 4, 5, b6, b7
Lydian #2 - 1, #2, 3, #4, 5, 6, 7
Mixolydian #1 - 1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, bb7

Melodic Minor Modes 

Melodic Minor - 1, 2, b3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Dorian b2 - 1, b2, b3, 4, 5, 6, b7
Lydian #5 - 1, 2, 3, #4, #5, 6, 7
Lydian Dominant - 1, 2, 3, #4, 5, 6, b7
Mixolydian b6 - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, b6, b7
Aeolian b5 - 1, 2, b3, 4, b5, b6, b7
Altered scale (Locrian b4) - 1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7

Other 7-note Scales
Harmonic Major - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, b6, 7
Hungarian Minor - 1, 2, b3, #4, 5, b6, 7
Persian - 1, b2, 3, 4, b5, b6, 7
Byzantine - 1, b2, 3, 4, 5, b6, 7
Romanian - 1, 2, b3, #4, 5, 6, b7


5-note Scales (Pentatonics)

Some scales are created using five notes; these are called pentatonics. For example the most common scale in rock music is the minor pentatonic, which has a definitive "rock" position on the fretboard. Although used in a variety of genres, this position is commonly associated with rock music.

The "Xs" represent the other notes within the natural minor scale to show how the pentatonic is built within it:



Here are some examples of pentatonic scales and how they are constructed intervallically:

Minor (Aeolian) Pentatonic - 1, b3, 4, 5, b7
Major (Ionian) Pentatonic - 1, 2, 3, 5, 6
Dorian Pentatonic - 1, b3, 4, 5, 6
Phrygian Pentatonic - 1, b2, 4, 5, b7
Lydian Pentatonic - 1, 3, #4, 5, 7
Mixolydian Pentatonic - 1, 3, 4, 5, b7
Locrian Pentatonic - 1, b3, 4, b5, b7
Harmonic Minor Pentatonic - 1, b3, 4, 5, 7
Hirajoshi - 1, 2, b3, 5, b6
Japanese - 1, 2, 4, 5, b6
Indian - 1, b2, 4, 5, b6

8-note Scales (Octatonics)
Arabian - 1, 2, b3, 4, #4, #5, 6, 7
Symmetrical Diminished (Half-Whole) - 1, b2, b3, b4, b5, 5, b6, b7
Symmetrical Diminished (Whole-Half) - 1, 2, b3, 4, b5, b6, 6, 7

6-note Scales (Hexatonics)
Blues Scale - 1, b3, 4, b5, 5, b7
Whole-Tone Scale - 1, 2, 3, #4, #5, b7
Prometheus Scale - 1, 2, 3, b5, 6, b7

There are some hexatonic scales that are constructed with interlocking triads:
Tritone Scale - This scale is made up of the intervals: 1, b2, 3, b5, 5, b7. It combines the notes of a major triad with the notes of another major triad that is a tritone interval away. For example, the notes from a C major triad (C E G) may be combined with the notes from a Gb triad (Gb Bb Db) to create this scale. However, they are rearranged to fit within one octave.

Augmented Scale - This scale (1, b3, 3, 5, #5, 7) combines two separate augmented triads that are a minor 3rd apart. If you took the notes from a C augmented triad (C E G#) and combined them with the notes from an Eb augmented triad (Eb G B) and arranged them ascending within one octave you would construct this scale.

Arpeggios
Arpeggios are basically the notes from a chord played consecutively rather than simultaneously with the additional octave note (for arpeggios limited to one octave). For example, the corresponding ascending arpeggio for a C major chord (1, 3, 5) would be C, E, G, C.

Below are some examples of arpeggios, composed of the same notes as the chords of the same names:

Major - 1, 3, 5, 8
Minor - 1, b3, 5, 8
Major 7th - 1, 3, 5, 7, 8
Minor 7th - 1, b3, 5, b7, 8
Dominant 7th - 1, 3, 5, b7, 8
Suspended 4th - 1, 4, 5, 8
Suspended 2nd - 1, 2, 5, 8
Major 6th - 1, 3, 5, 6, 8
Minor 6th - 1 b3, 5, 6, 8
Augmented - 1, 3, #5, 8
Diminished - 1, 3, b5, 8
Augmented Major 7th - 1, 3, #5, 7, 8
Diminished 7th - 1, b3, b5, bb7, 8
Major 9th - 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
Minor 9th - 1, b3, 5, b7, 9
Dominant 9th - 1, 3, 5, b7, 9


Sunday, 10 April 2016

Improvising Over Giant Steps





The chords in Coltrane's "Giant Steps" alternate between three keys:

B Major
G Major
Eb Major

These three keys are (non-enharmonic) major 3rds apart. Between them, the keys utilise each of the 12 notes, allowing a variety of improvisational methods. These are the chords that are present in this chart and the notes they are built from:

Bmaj7 - B D# F# A#
D7 - D F# A C
Gmaj7 - G B D F#
Bb7 - Bb D F Ab
Ebmaj7 - Eb G Bb D
Am7 - A C E G
Gb7 - Gb Bb Db Fb
Fm7 - F Ab C Eb
Dbm7 - Db Fb Ab Cb

The chords can be divided into small groups, each being either a V-I or a ii-V-I. Coltrane used dominant 7th chord substitutions to allow easy transitions between these keys. (D7 pulls to G, Bb7 pulls to Ebmaj7, Gb7 pulls to B). The corresponding keys for each chord are as follows:

Bmaj7 = I in B major
D7, Gmaj7 = V-I in G major
Bb7, Ebmaj7 = V-I in Eb major
Am7, D7, Gmaj7 = ii-V-I in G major
Bb7, Ebmaj7 = V-I in Eb major
Gb7, Bmaj7 = V-I in B major
Fm7, Bb7, Ebmaj7 = ii-V-I in Eb major
Am7, D7, Gmaj7 = ii-V-I in G major
Dbm7, Gb7, Bmaj7 = ii-V-I in B major
Fm7, Bb7, Ebmaj7 = ii-V-I in Eb major
Dbm7, Gb7, (Bmaj7) = ii-V-I back to the B major at the beginning. 

Arpeggios
Arguably the simplest method of improvisation is to arpeggiate each chord. This means you would just play the chord tones and nothing else. For example if you were soloing over the Ebmaj7 chord, the exclusive tones you would use would be Eb, G, Bb and D. For musicians who are familiar with their chords, this is one possibility, however it may become repetitive if it's the only technique used. 

Ionian and Lydian
Now that each chord has been categorised into a specific key, the major scale for each key would be an obvious choice for improvisation. This means that within each V-I or ii-V-I grouping, the corresponding major scale for the "I" will work. Theoretically, Lydian may also be used because each "I" chord is a major 7. The intervals in a major 7 chord are: 1, 3, 5, 7. Lydian and Ionian are the only two modes of the major scale that include each of these intervals. All the others include at least one "outside" note.

Minor Pentatonic
Using solely major scales for improvisation may not only be difficult to keep up with but also may be difficult to phrase with. There are three unique minor pentatonics for each key that can be used diatonically. These are from the 2nd, 3rd and 6th intervals of each key. (The 6th interval being the relative minor).

B Major - B C# D# E F# G# A#
2nd - C# Minor Pentatonic - C# E# F# G# B
3rd - D# Minor Pentatonic - D# F# G# A# C#
6th - G# Minor Pentatonic - G# B C# D# F#

G Major - G A B C D E F#
2nd - A Minor Pentatonic - A C D E G
3rd - B Minor Pentatonic - B D E F# A
6th - E Minor Pentatonic - E G A B D

Eb Major - Eb F G Ab Bb C D
2nd - F Minor Pentatonic - F Ab Bb C Eb
3rd - G Minor Pentatonic - G Bb C D F
6th - C Minor Pentatonic - C Eb F G Bb

Harmonically, the minor pentatonics from the 2nd degrees of each major scale (C# pentatonic, A pentatonic and F pentatonic) work particularly well with the minor 7th chords (which act as the "ii" chords in each key). This is because the tones that are present in the minor 7th chords all appear in the corresponding minor pentatonic:

Fm7 - F Ab C Eb
F minor pentatonic - F Ab Bb C Eb

Am7 = A C E G
A minor pentatonic - A C D E G

Dbm7 = Db Fb Ab Cb 
Db minor pentatonic = Db Fb Gb Ab Cb 

Dbm7, Gb7, Bmaj7 isn't an enharmonic ii-V-I to B major. If you are using the 2nd degree minor pentatonic from each major scale then the 2nd degree of B major would be C# rather than Db. This means that the resulting minor pentatonic would instead be C# E F# G# B.

Focusing on minor pentatonics allows totally different phrasing to major scale phrasing and with three to choose from there are many shapes that can be utilised and combined.

Problems
There are a number of problems that I have encountered whilst attempting improvisation over "Giant Steps:"

Losing the form - Not only is the sequence long and difficult to remember as a whole, it is also difficult to recover if you lose concentration for a split second. The ambiguity of the chord groupings means that you can't just revert to one scale and remain playing in it throughout. A thorough knowledge of the structure piece and the melodic sequence would be beneficial.

Phrasing - It is almost impossible to improvise coherent melodies over this piece if you don't know what you're doing. This is because the keys alternate at a fast pace and rarely stay in one key for long. However, during the second half of the chart, the time spent in one key is extended to two bars at a time. Although this is still fast paced, it is slightly easier to fit in melodies and appropriate phrasing.

Changes - The key changes are never on the first beat of the bar, which means that it is more difficult to feel the rhythm. The only way to improve your improvisational skills in this piece is to familiarise yourself with it to a point where the chord structure is ingrained.